Tracheotomy,surgicaloperationinwhichanincision,oropening,iscutthroughthefrontoftheneckandintothetrachea,orwindpipe.TheoldestmentionoftheoperationinmedicalliteratureisfoundinthewritingsoftheGreekphysicianGalen(2ndcenturyad).
Atracheotomycreatesanalternatepassagetothelungsforairthatcannotflowfromthenoseandmouththroughthetracheabecauseofanobstruction.Obstructionsmayoccurwhenaforeignbody（异物）lodgesinthelarynx（喉）,orvoicebox（喉的另一种说法）,abovethetrachea（气管）;asaresultofswellingorspasm（痉挛）ofthelarynxorvocalcords;orfrominfectionandswellingoftheepiglottis（舌头后部的）会厌,thethinflapofcartilage（软骨）coveringthatkeepsfoodandliquidoutofthetrachea.
Tracheotomiesarealsoperformedincasesofpneumoniaorotherdiseasesthatcauserespiratorycongestionasdangeroussecretions（分泌物）accumulate（累积）inthelungsorthebronchialtubes,whichbranchoutfromthetracheaandleaddirectlytothelungs.Atracheotomythatincludestheinsertionofashortstationarytubeintothetracheaiscalledatracheostomy.
Thepurposeofatracheostomyistokeeptheairwayfromclosingprematurely（永久地）andtoenablethephysiciantotakefurthermeasures,ifnecessary,toensurethatthepatienthasapatentairway.Whenatracheostomyisperformedonapatientsufferingfromseverebronchialorlungcongestion,acatheter,orsmall-diameter,flexibletube,isinsertedthroughthestationarytubeandusedwithasuctiondevicetocleanoutthebronchialtubesandlungswhilethepatientisencouragedtocoughvigorously（剧烈咳嗽）.
Atemporarytracheostomypreventspatientsfromusingtheirvocalchords（声带）foraslongasbreathingproblemsremain.Onceanobstructionisremovedorrespiratorycongestionisrelieved,thetracheostomyisclosedandpatientsareabletobreatheandspeaknormally.
本期视频中英文字幕制作：
张福宏，医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科副主任医师，临床医学专业硕士，毕业于吉林大学白求恩医学院临床医学七年制。
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